Plant Science and Agriculture Research

 Food engineering can be a field of a variety of fields that include biology, including physical science, chemistry and food engineering and related industries. It includes, but is not limited to, the use of agricultural engineering, technology and chemical engineering principles in food products. Food engineers provide technological transfer that is essential to the production and development of food products and services. Food engineers are used in the food process, food machinery, packaging, ingredients production, metals, and management.

Bio-fertilizer technology has shown promise for the management of composite nutrients through organic process. Bio-fertilizers may be wont to improve the supply of phosphate in plants. The effectiveness of matters will vary with inoculant sort, plant species, composition, soil nutrient level, soil pH, type, presence of acceptable soil microbes, and climatic conditions. Bio-fertilizers are organic matter that enriches the standard of soil nutrients. It refers to the utilization of microorganism rather than chemicals to boost soil nutrition that is additionally less harmful and doesn't cause pollution.

Crop planting is that the science of modifying plant traits to provide desired traits. It’s been accustomed improve the standard of healthy food in human and animal product. The aim of crop breeding is to provide varieties that are pleased with the distinctive and high-quality style of agricultural applications. The foremost unremarkably mentioned factors are those associated with organic phenomenon and abiotic pressure tolerance, grain or biomass yield, quality characteristics of the ultimate use like style or concentration of bound molecules like proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers.

In order to maintain soil fertility and the health of people and the environment, organic agriculture takes into account a variety of ways that farming practices can affect the agro-ecosystem. To avoid issues with soil fertility or pests, it seeks to conduct farming while creating an ecological balance. With very few exceptions, synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, and artificial fertilizers are not used in organic agriculture, which aims to be sustainable, improve soil fertility, and increase biological diversity.

Genetic engineering, which involves modifying a plant's genes using modern molecular biology techniques sometimes referred to as recombinant DNA technology, has been used to create many new plant types that are being developed or farmed by farmers. Its being commonly referred to as "biotechnology" or "modern biotechnology" includes several methods. Understanding the biology of the plant and the techniques employed to grow it are necessary to evaluate the environmental safety of a biotech plant. This information is crucial for identifying and assessing potential environmental factors. In order to promote the development of local biotechnologies, assure safe access to new goods and technologies created abroad, and increase consumer trust that goods available on the market are secure, it is crucial to design an efficient national biosafety system.

Agricultural engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the design, creation, and advancement of farming machinery and equipment. Engineering in agriculture combines farming and technology. They create updated farming machinery, for instance, that may function more effectively or take on new responsibilities. Dams, water reservoirs, storage facilities, and other agricultural infrastructure are designed and constructed by them. Additionally, they may design strategies for huge farms to reduce pollution. From non-food sources like algae and agricultural waste, some agricultural engineers are creating new types of biofuels. Without compromising the availability of food, these fuels might economically and sustainably replace gasoline.

An agricultural waste management system (AWMS) is a planned system in which all relevant parts are established and managed to control and use agricultural production by products in a way that maintains or improves the quality of air, water, soil, plant, animal, and energy resources. Producing commodities that can be sold is the main goal of the majority of agricultural businesses. The farm manager must successfully balance the demand on finite resources among numerous intricate and interconnected systems, frequently involving six fundamental functions: Production, Collection, Transfer, Storage, Treatment, and Utilization

Digital agriculture, sometimes referred to as smart farming or e-agricultural, refers to tools used in agriculture to gather, store, analyse, and distribute electronic data and/or information digitally. Precision agriculture is a part of digital agriculture, but it's not the only one. Digital agriculture, as opposed to precision agriculture, affects the entire agri-food value chain before, during, and after on-farm production. Therefore, on-farm technologies like yield mapping, GPS guiding systems, and variable-rate application fall under the purview of precision agriculture and digital agriculture. On the other hand, digital technologies used in e-commerce platforms, e-extension services, warehouse receipt systems, block chain-enabled food traceability systems, tractor rental apps, etc. fall under the category of digital agriculture but not precision agriculture.

The branch of molecular biology known as plant genomics deals with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of plant genomes. The study of genes, their expression, their functions, and the role they play in biology is known as genomics. The sequencing and analysis of an organism's genome is the focus of the field of genetics known as genomics. The enormous numbers of databases that help us to understand genetic diversity are kept up due to genomics

Transgenic plants are those that have undergone genetic engineering through a breeding process that produces novel features in plants using recombinant DNA technology. They are identified as a particular category of GMOs (GMO). The goal is to give the plant a new characteristic that does not arise naturally in the species. A gene or genes that have been purposefully added are present in transgenic plants. This technique offers benefits like extended shelf life, increased yield, improved quality, pest resistance, heat, cold, and drought tolerance, as well as resistance to a range of biotic and abiotic challenges. Cis-genic plants are created by employing genes from the same species or a closely related one, which can be bred in the same way as conventional plants.

In agriculture, sustainability refers to the adoption of environmentally friendly practises and inputs that have no or very little adverse effects on the environment. Site-specific crop and livestock management, sometimes known as precision agriculture, is an illustration of this. It is a technique whereby farmers increase the quality and productivity of the harvest by using precise amounts of input, such as water, herbicides, and fertilisers. The field is divided into various plots, each with a varied slope, solar exposure, and soil characteristics. Therefore, applying the same treatment to the entire farm is ineffective and wasteful of time and resources. Many Agri Tech businesses are working on solutions in precision agriculture to solve this problem and increase profitability while addressing sustainability issues

Plant hormones are essential regulators of plant development beginning with seed germination and culminating in whole-plant senescence. Until recently it was generally believed that the five classes of compounds comprising abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinins, ethylene, and gibberellins could account for most or all of the growth regulatory effects of plant hormones. During the past 5 years, however, application of molecular genetics and biochemical analysis to a number of dwarf mutants has revealed that another group of compounds, termed brassinosteroids (BRs), are as critical in the normal development of a plant as are the classical plant hormones. This article provides a brief history of BR research, summarizes the structure, natural occurrence, and biosynthesis of BRs, examines physiological responses to BRs along with practical agricultural applications, and surveys molecular approaches to understanding the mode of action of BRs in promoting elongation, division, and differentiation of cells in multiple developmental programs.

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  Auxin


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  gibberellin


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  cytokinin


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  ethylene


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  abscisic acid

Tissue culture is the in vitro aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs or whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental conditions often to produce the clones of plants. The resultant clones are true-to type of the selected genotype. The controlled conditions provide the culture an environment conducive for their growth and multiplication. These conditions include proper supply of nutrients, pH medium, adequate temperature, and proper gaseous and liquid environment.

Plant tissue culture technology is being widely used for large scale plant multiplication. Apart from their use as a tool of research, plant tissue culture techniques have in recent years, become of major industrial importance in the area of plant propagation, disease elimination, plant improvement and production of secondary metabolites. Small pieces of tissue (named explants) can be used to produce hundreds and thousands of plants in a continuous process. A single explant can be multiplied into several thousand plants in relatively short time period and space under controlled conditions, irrespective of the season and weather on a year-round basis. Endangered, threatened, and rare species have successfully been grown and conserved by micro propagation because of high coefficient of multiplication and small demands on number of initial plants and space.

• forest health


• genome evolution


• oomycetes


• tree pathogen


• clonality


• mitotic recombination

Transgenes seem by all accounts to be particularly susceptible to epigenetic variety that can cause transgene silencing, e.g., full, or mid-joint inactivation of the transgene. Plants are ideal model settings for examining the impact of changing natural conditions on epigenetic designs. We are particularly intrigued to see how certain genomic districts become centers of epigenetic fit and how natural pressure influences epigenetic quality guidelines. Our applied work examines how transgene silencing can be prevented and how epigenetic variety can be abused for new breeding procedures.

Plant offers a huge assortment of characteristic objects with exceptionally different constructions. These elements are generally called "auxiliary metabolites" which are fundamental for the development and improvement of plants. Auxiliary metabolites were previously considered side effects with no physiological capacity for the plant with the development of the field of compound biology about 30 years ago. Despite their physiological ability in plants, common elements also strongly affect human culture and have been used throughout all of mankind's experiments as garnishes, shades, and medicines.

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  Plant proteomics


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  Molecular Plant Physiology


• Plant stress biolog

Plant biotechnology is perceptible in the field of medication interfacing biotechnology and bioinformatics, the subatomic representation of therapeutic plants; subatomic culture; and result from science, nanotechnology, pharmacology, agriculture, biomass, and biofuels as well. Plant tissue culture is the development of the furthest plant cells from an unblemished plant. It relies on maintaining plant tissues under laboratory conditions on an appropriate supplement medium. The mode of life can be supported as a mass of undifferentiated cells for a large territory for a time or recovered in whole plants. The unique strategies used in plant tissue culture. Plant tissue culture is generally used to create clones of a plant in a technique known as miniature proliferation at different stages. Plant biotechnology is the innovation that is used to obtain a current product with high yield and at a faster rate.

• Source and distribution of pathogens


• Morphology, Ecology, Genetics and Biochemistry of bacteria


• Relationships among bacteria on external surfaces


• Specific bacterial pathogens and the diseases they cause


• Principles of Diagnosis


• Pathogenic mechanisms and Host defences


• Host-parasite relationship

Agricultural biotechnology, also known as agritech, is an area of agricultural science involving the use of scientific tools and techniques, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, molecular diagnostics, vaccines, and tissue culture, to modify living organisms: plants, animals, and microorganisms.[1] Crop biotechnology is one aspect of agricultural biotechnology which has been greatly developed upon in recent times. Desired trait are exported from a particular species of Crop to an entirely different species. These transgene crops possess desirable characteristics in terms of flavor, color of flowers, growth rate, size of harvested products and resistance to diseases and pests.

• Cell and Tissue Culture


• Plant Genetics & Genetic Engineering
• Integrative Plant Biology


• Medicinal plants & applications


• Agronomy and Crop Science


• Cell and Developmental biology

Plant nutrition is the examination of compound and irritant segments important for plant development, as well as their external stock and internal processing framework. In 1972, E. Epstein described two measures for a segment to be the key to plant breeding: in its absence, the plant cannot complete an ordinary life cycle or for the part to be an element of a constituent or d a crucial plant metabolite. Most soil conditions around the world can provide plants with adequate food and do not require compost for a full life cycle. Plant food is identified with plant chemicals. Plant chemicals are the synthetic products that direct or advance the development of plants under certain ecological conditions

• Physiology


• Biochemistry


• Cellular and molecular biology


• Genetics


• Biophysics


• Environmental

This mini-review aims at gaining knowledge on basic aspects of plant nanotechnology. While in recent years the enormous progress of nanotechnology in biomedical sciences has revolutionized therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, the comprehension of nanoparticle-plant interactions, including uptake, mobilization and accumulation, is still in its infancy. Deeper studies are needed to establish the impact of nanomaterials (NMs) on plant growth and agro-ecosystems and to develop smart nanotechnology applications in crop improvement. Herein we provide a short overview of NMs employed in plant science and concisely describe key NM-plant interactions in terms of uptake, mobilization mechanisms, and biological effects. The major current applications in plants are reviewed also discussing the potential use of polymeric soft NMs which may open new and safer opportunities for smart delivery of biomolecules and for new strategies in plant genetic engineering, with the final aim to enhance plant defence  and/or stimulate plant growth and development and, ultimately, crop production.

Applications of Nanotechnology in Food Industry.

• Applications of Nanotechnology in plant and pests diseases management


• Nanotechnology and Risk Assessment


• Nanotechnology in Animal Science

Humanity has influenced our planet in many ways. In previous centuries, adjustments in the public eye and "biodiversity" are the complete complexity and assortment of life, at all scales, from hereditary variety to species and even variety of biological systems. Thus, we use the phrase "biodiversity protection" to refer to conservation efforts and all parts of this normal variety. Plant variety is an important plant of complete biodiversity – just think of the extravagance of tropical jungles – it frames the premises of all food webs and supports the functioning, all things considered. Thus, plant preservation is a fundamental segment of efforts to protect biodiversity. As plants are in danger of annihilation all over the world, their preservation is a necessity.

• Terrestrial Ecosystem


• Global Biodiversity


• Role of Keystone Species in an Ecosystem


• International Day of Biodiversity